economic process/ structure

state/empire

military process

internal political consequences

political solutions

specific criticisms

general criticisms

Karl Marx

capitalist penetration of non-capitalist economies (generally positive)

European empires

colonial wars

compatible with increasing democracy/workers' organization

proletarian revolution but where poss., use parliamen-tary democracy

/ C20 militarization not foreseen

VI Lenin

export of capital, finance capital

colonial division of world

'wars of redivision' in heartlands

bureaucratization of the state, decline of democracy

proletarian revolution

hinged imperialism on partial economic features

under-estimated resilience of bourgeois democracy in imper-ialist heartlands; rejected possibility of 'ultra-imperialism' and so don't offer useful guide to post-WWII situation

Rosa Luxemburg

non-capitalist economies, militarism as spheres of accumulation

colonial empires

inter-imperialist wars

decline of democracy

proletarian revolution, safeguard socialist democracy

Leon Trotsky

uneven and combined development

colonial empires

inter-imperialist wars

fascism

permanent revolution

Nikolai Bukharin

fusion of economic & military competition; national state-capitalisms

'pirate imperialist states'

inter-imperialist wars

dictatorships

militarized revolution - war of socialism vs. capitalism

extreme generalization of militarist features

Karl Kautsky

rivalry of European empires

'ultra-imperialism'?

possibility of peaceful develop-ment of higher state of capitalism

development of democracy?

reform

/didn't see that one could lead to other