late modern state

imperial history

historic crises

modern imperial history

recent crises of empire

central democratic movements

quasi-imperial reaction

outcomes

Russian Federation

Tsarism

1917 revolution

Stalinist Soviet Union and bloc: terror, camps, terror-famines of peasantry, deportations of nationalities, etc.

Germany 1953, Hungary & Poland 1956 Czechoslovakia 1968, Poland 1981-83, C-E Europe 1988-89,  Caucasus, Baltics, 1988-91

Gorbachev reforms 1985-91

Yelstin/ Putin regimes vs. Chechnya 1994-5, 1999-

ex-USSR: oligarchic demo-cracies, numerous local wars;

E-C Europe: pro-Western democracies

China

Imperial dynasties; C19 Western penetration

1912, 1949 revolutions

Maoism: 'Great Leap Forward' terror famine, 'Cultural Revolution'

Tibetan resistance 1951-, Xinjiang 1990s

Tiananmen Square 1989

Deng/ military repression 1989-

economic reform within authori-tarianism

India

Mogul empire; British Raj

1947 indepen-

dence war

national parliamentary regime; Kashmir, etc.

Kashmir, Nagastan, etc.

?

Kashmir wars, nuclear weapons

entrenched elite democracy

Pakistan

ditto

ditto

repeated military dictator-ships

Bangladesh Kashmir

mass parties

Kashmir wars, nuclear weapons

fragile democracy > military rule

Indonesia

Javanese empire; Dutch colonial empire

Japanese war; 1940s indepen-

dence struggle

Javanese domin-

ation; pro-Western Suharto regime

1965 massacres of CP/Chinese; E Timor 1975-99; Aceh, Ambon, etc. 1998-

1998 student revolt

1998-: military and para-military repression

highly unstable democratic reform

Turkey

Ottoman empire

early C20 secular national movement

Armenian genocide; pro-West military regime; repression of Kurds

PKK war

leftist movements, democratic Islamist parties

military repression, anti-Kurdish wars

limited democratic reform, incomplete pro-EU turn of elites

Yugoslavia

part of Ottoman empire; early C20 monarchy

late C19, early C20 Balkan wars; WW2 partisans/ nationalists

Titoist multi-national state

Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Kosovo independence movements

Serbian revolution 2000

Milosevic repression, genocidal wars 1989-1999

unstable compromises of ethnic-national democracies

Ethiopia

empire

Italian conquest, restoration

Selassie, Menghistu regimes

Eritrean secession-ists

early 1990s democratic movements

new Eritrea war 1998-

new authoritarianism